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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2009.tde-23062009-165104
Document
Author
Full name
Raquel de Cássia Neroni
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2009
Supervisor
Committee
Bedendo, Ivan Paulo (President)
Beriam, Luis Otavio Saggion
Kuniyuki, Hugo
Massola Júnior, Nelson Sidnei
Panizzi, Rita de Cassia
Title in Portuguese
Amarelos da videira: identificação e análise filogenética dos fitoplasmas, transmissão dos agentes causais e otimização da diagnose
Keywords in Portuguese
Controle fitossanitário
Diagnose foliar
Doenças de plantas
Fitogenia
Fitoplasmas
Molicutes
Uva.
Abstract in Portuguese
Fitoplasmas são procariotos sem parede celular, pertencentes à classe dos Mollicutes, que habitam os vasos de floema e causam doenças de relevância econômica em uma ampla gama de espécies vegetais. A videira (Vitis sp) é a terceira fruteira mais cultivada no mundo e apresenta elevada importância econômica no Brasil. Aspectos fitossanitários se constituem em fatores limitantes da produção, com destaque para as doenças causadas por fitoplasmas, denominadas de amarelos. Essas doenças estão amplamente disseminadas nos continentes europeu e americano, ocorrendo em tradicionais países produtores. Plantas exibindo sintomas característicos da doença têm sido também observadas em cultivos comerciais localizados em algumas áreas do território brasileiro. Visando investigar este tipo de doença, plantas sintomáticas foram amostradas em parreirais comerciais dos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná e mantidas em casa de vegetação. O presente estudo visou demonstrar a associação entre fitoplasmas e os amarelos, identificar e analisar filogeneticamente os fitoplasmas detectados, demonstrar sua transmissão para plantas sadias e determinar o melhor estádio fenológico da planta para amostragem de tecidos, para confirmação da diagnose. Para isto, durante 45 meses, amostras foram coletadas de plantas doentes envasadas sendo usado o método de PCR, análise de RFLP, sequenciamento das bases nucleotídicas e enxertia de tecidos entre plantas de videira. Os produtos amplificados em PCR evidenciaram a presença de fitoplasmas em todas as plantas portadoras de amarelos. Estes fitoplasmas foram identificados como representantes dos grupos 16SrI-B e 16SrIII, os quais ocorreram em infecções simples ou mistas. Os fitoplasmas apareceram em todas as fases de desenvolvimento da planta, porém com maior freqüência nas amostras coletadas no estádio fenológico correspondente à brotação de ramos e aparecimento de folhas novas. Esta fase se mostrou a mais indicada para as amostragens, visando à detecção de fitoplasmas para fins de diagnose. A transmissão dos fitoplasmas por enxertia foi alta, demonstrando que estes são os agentes causais da doença e que inspeções devem ser adotadas como medida de controle para evitar sua disseminação via material de propagação vegetativa.
Title in English
Grapevine yellows: identification and phylogenetic analyses of the phytoplasmas, transmition of the causal agents and diagnosis optimization
Keywords in English
Diagnosis
Grapevine yellows.
Mollicutes
Phytoplasma
Abstract in English
Phytoplasmas are wall-less prokaryotes, phloem-limited plant pathogens, belonging to Mollicute class. They are agents of diseases that cause serious damage to a diversity of cultivated especies. Grapevine (Vitis sp) is the third most cultivated fruit crop in the world and it has high economical impact in Brazil. Phytossanitary aspects are important production constraint factors, especially regarding diseases caused by phytoplasmas, which are generally known as grapevine yellows. These diseases are widely spread throughout main producer countries, located in Europe and North America. Plants exhibiting typical symptoms of the disease have also been observed in crops located in some areas of Brazilian territory. In order to investigate this kind of malady, symptomatic plants were sampled from commercial vineyards located in the States of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil and kept in greenhouse conditions. The present study aimed to: demonstrate the association between phytoplasmas and yellows; identify and analyse phylogenetically the detected phytoplasmas; demonstrate their transmission to healthy plants and determinate optimal phenologycal stage for phytoplasma detection to diagnosis confirmation. Samples were collected from diseased plotted plants grown during 45 months. PCR method, RFLP analyses, sequencing of nucleotide bases from 16S rRNA, and grafting technique were used in this study. Amplified genomic fragments revealed the presence of phytoplasmas in all plants with symptoms of yellows. Those phytoplasmas were identified as representatives of the groups 16SrI-B and 16SrIII, occurring in simple and mixed infections. Phytoplasmas were detected in all phenological stages evaluated, but they occurred with high frequences in material collected during budburst. These stage may be considered as the most indicated for sampling to confirm diagnosis based on symptomatology. Phytoplasmas transmission by grafting of healthy scion grafts onto infected rootstocks was high, demonstrating that they are the disease agents and inspection is a control practice that must be adopted to prevent their dissemination through propagative material.
 
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Publishing Date
2009-07-27
 
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