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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2003.tde-09122003-110305
Document
Author
Full name
Robson Marcelo Di Piero
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2003
Supervisor
Committee
Pascholati, Sergio Florentino (President)
Resende, Mario Lucio Vilela de
Braga, Marcia Regina
Eira, Augusto Ferreira da
Rezende, Jorge Alberto Marques
Title in Portuguese
Potencial dos cogumelos Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) e Agaricus blazei (cogumelo-do-sol) no controle de doenças em plantas de pepino, maracujá e tomate, e a purificação parcial de compostos biologicamente ativos.
Keywords in Portuguese
antracnose
cogumelos
controle biológico
endurecimento-dos-frutos-do- maracujazeiro
mancha bacteriana
pepino
resistência induzida
tomate.
Abstract in Portuguese
Os cogumelos Lentinula edodes (shiitake) e Agaricus blazei (cogumelo-do-sol) apresentam substâncias no corpo de frutificação (basidiocarpo) e no micélio com atividades antibióticas e imuno-regulatórias, havendo uma série de relatos sobre a atuação das mesmas no controle de doenças em animais. Em vegetais, não há informações sobre o efeito protetor do cogumelo-do-sol contra fitopatógenos. No caso de shiitake, embora pouco numerosos, os estudos mostraram o potencial do cogumelo para o controle de doenças de plantas, tais como a murcha bacteriana do tomateiro, a murcha de feijão-lima, além de doenças fúngicas em sorgo e da bacteriose do maracujazeiro. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram o de avaliar o efeito de diferentes preparações obtidas a partir de L. edodes e de A. blazei em patossistemas agrícolas, visando o controle de moléstias de interesse econômico como a antracnose do pepineiro, a mancha bacteriana do tomateiro e o endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro. Obtida a proteção, os estudos buscaram elucidar o modo de ação das preparações de interesse, bem como purificá-las parcialmente, na tentativa de se concentrar o princípio ativo. Em plantas de pepino, extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos, obtidos a partir de diferentes isolados dos cogumelos, reduziram a severidade da antracnose, na dependência da concentração do extrato. Os extratos não afetaram adversamente o agente causal da doença, Colletotrichum lagenarium, mas provocaram o acúmulo de peroxidases e quitinases nas folhas tratadas e sistemicamente. Utilizando-se precipitação fracionada do extrato aquoso bruto de basidiocarpos de shiitake com sulfato de amônio e cromatografia de troca aniônica, obteve-se uma fração de proteínas, apresentando massa molecular de 29 a 35 kDa, com atividade elicitora de peroxidases em cotilédones de pepino. Em plantas de tomate, o isolado ABL 99/28 de A. blazei foi quem, em média, conferiu maior proteção contra Xanthomonas vesicatoria, a qual foi dependente das concentrações de extrato do cogumelo e de células bacterianas empregadas nos testes. Novamente, o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado efetivo não atuou diretamente sobre o patógeno, mas desencadeou o aumento na atividade de b-1,3- glucanases nas folhas tratadas, sugerindo que o mecanismo de ação em pepineiro e tomateiro envolveu a indução de resistência. Já no caso do maracujazeiro, os extratos de basidiocarpos, obtidos a partir de diferentes isolados de ambos os cogumelos, protegeram localmente plantas inoculadas mecanicamente com o Passion fruit woodiness vírus (PWV), por reduzirem a infectividade viral, o que foi comprovado em testes conduzidos com Chenopodium quinoa, hospedeiro de lesão local do vírus. Entretanto, não houve proteção sistêmica em plantas de maracujá, nos experimentos de inoculação mecânica, reduzindo as possibilidades do uso dos cogumelos para o controle dessa virose no campo. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram que os cogumelos L. edodes e A. blazei apresentam compostos que ativam as respostas de defesa em plantas e podem auxiliar no controle de doenças vegetais, dependendo da natureza do agente causal.
Title in English
Potential of the mushrooms Lentinula edodes (shiitake) and Agaricus blazei (royal mushroom) in the control of diseases in cucumber, passion fruit and tomato plants, and the partial purification of biologically active compounds.
Keywords in English
anthracnose
bacterial spot
biological control
cucumber
induced resistance
mushrooms
passion fruit woodiness vitus
tomato.
Abstract in English
The mushrooms Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei have substances in the fruiting body and in the mycelia exhibiting antibiotic activity and others able to stimulate the immune system in animals. There are many reports about the performance of these substances in the control of animal diseases. In vegetables, there are no information about the protecting effect of the royal mushroom against plant pathogens. In the case of shiitake, although few in number, the studies showed the potential of the mushroom for the control of plant diseases, such as tomato bacterial wilt, sorghum leave spots and bacterial disease of the passion fruit plant. The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the effect of different preparations from L. edodes and A. blazei to control the diseases cucumber anthracnose, tomato bacterial spot and passion fruit woodiness. As the protection of the plants was obtained, the studies tried to elucidate the way of action of the preparations, as well as partially purify them, in an attempt to concentrate the active compound. In cucumber plants, fruiting body aqueous extracts, from different mushroom isolates, reduced anthracnose severity, depending upon the extract concentration. The extracts did not affect adversely the disease causal agent, Colletotrichum lagenarium, but induced the peroxidase and quitinase accumulation in the treated leaves and systemically. By using fractional precipitation of the shiitake fruiting body aqueous extracts with ammonium sulfate, and anion exchange chromatography, a protein fraction exhibiting molecular mass around 29 to 35 kDa and peroxidase elicitor activity in cucumber cotyledons was obtained. In tomato plants, the isolate ABL 99/28 of A. blazei was the one that, on average, gave higher protection against Xanthomonas vesicatoria, which was dependent upon the extract and bacterial cell concentrations. Again, the fruiting body aqueous extract of ABL 99/28 did not act directly onto the pathogen, but it caused an increase in b-1,3-glucanase activity in the treated leaves, suggesting that the mushroom action in cucumber and tomato plants involved the induced resistance. On the other hand, the fruiting body extracts, obtained from different isolates of both mushrooms, protected locally passion fruit plants inoculated mechanically with the Passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) by reducing viral infectivity, what was proven through tests carried out with Chenopodium quinoa, a PWV local lesion host. However, there was no systemic protection in passion fruit plants against the virus in the experiments involving mechanical inoculation, reducing the possibilities of the mushroom use for the PWV control in the field. In a general way, the results showed that the mushrooms L. edodes and A. blazei have substances that activate the plant defense mechanisms and they show some potential in the control of vegetable diseases, depending upon the nature of the pathogen.
 
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Publishing Date
2004-02-09
 
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