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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.101.2020.tde-14022020-122909
Document
Author
Full name
Natalí Francine Cinelli Moreira
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2019
Supervisor
Committee
Tang, Yi Shin (President)
Rachman, Nora Matilde
Vidigal Neto, Geraldo de Camargo
Title in English
How the origins of international investment law are reflected in arbitration awards: a study on the 2001 Argentinean crisis
Keywords in English
Argentina
Financial crisis
Imperialism
International investment law
International law
Investor-state arbitration
Sovereignty
Abstract in English
International investment law is the product of power struggles between capital-exporting and capital-importing countries, whose origins may be traced back to imperial times. Investment treaties include old standards of investors' protection under a new form and allegedly under a veil of depoliticization. This is what happened with the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard; the origins of this standard may be traced to the international minimum treatment of aliens, a well-known instrument that capital-exporters used to serve their expansionist intent during the 19th century. These standards are very extensive, and arbitrators have wide discretion when interpreting them. We argue that the imperial origins of international investment law influence arbitrators during decision-making, leading to a pervasive bias in the system in favor of investors and their home states. We use the 2001 Argentinean financial crisis as a case study, and we analyze all available awards rendered by investor-state tribunals in the context of this emergency period. We focus the analysis on the Fair and Equitable Treatment, for investors repeatedly invoked the breach of this standard and, in almost all cases, arbitrators used it to find Argentina responsible for the alleged damages. We found evidence that the imperial origins of investment law indeed influences decision-making. By replicating patterns of inequality and subjugation typical of imperial times, arbitrators inadequately favored investors. We thus have found evidence that the legal framework for the protection of international investment is not so impartial as it is claimed to be.
Title in Portuguese
Como as origens do direito internacional dos investimentos se refletem nas sentenças arbitrais: um estudo sobre a crise argentina de 2001
Keywords in Portuguese
Arbitragem investidor-estado
Argentina
Crises financeiras
Direito internacional
Direito internacional dos investimentos
Imperialismo
Soberania
Abstract in Portuguese
O direito dos investimentos é produto de disputas de poder entre estados exportadores e importadores de capital. A origem do direito dos investimentos remonta a tempos de imperialismo. Tratados contemporâneos de investimentos incluem, sob o manto de alegada despolitização, antigos standards de proteção dos investidores sob novas formas. É o que ocorre com o Tratamento Justo e Igualitário, por exemplo; as origens do standard podem ser traçadas até o tratamento mínimo concedido aos estrangeiros, um instrumento bastante utilizado pelos estados exportadores de capital para atender seus anseios imperialistas no século XIX. Tais standards de proteção são amplos e os árbitros possuem ampla margem de discrição quando os interpretam. Entendemos que as origens imperialistas do direito internacional dos investimentos influenciam os árbitros na tomada de decisões, gerando um viés no sistema em favor dos investidores e seus estados de origem. Partimos da crise financeira argentina de 2001 como estudo de caso, e analisamos todas as sentenças proferidas por tribunais arbitrais no contexto desse período emergencial. Focamos a análise no Tratamento Justo e Igualitário, pois investidores repetidamente invocaram esse standard para requerer a condenação da Argentina, e, na maioria dos casos, os árbitros utilizaram-se dele para condenar o país. Encontramos evidências de que as origens imperialistas do direito dos investimentos influenciam a tomada de decisões. Ao replicar padrões de desigualdade e submissão típicos de tempos imperialistas, os árbitros favorecem os investidores de forma inadequada. Encontramos, assim, evidências de que o regime legal para a proteção do investimento estrangeiro não é tão imparcial como dito pelos apoiadores do sistema.
 
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Publishing Date
2020-02-20
 
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