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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.101.2020.tde-14022020-103729
Document
Author
Full name
Antonio Cesar Dominguez
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2019
Supervisor
Committee
Lins, Maria Antonieta Del Tedesco (President)
Carvalho, Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de
Martins, Aline Regina Alves
Title in English
China's financial statecraft and the internationalization of the Renminbi: what looms over Brazil's foreign exchange reserves?
Keywords in English
Brazil
China
Economic statecraft
Financial statecraft
Foreign exchange reserves
Geoeconomics
Renminbi internationalization
Abstract in English
In the XXI century, the foreign affairs community has observed the resurgence of geoeconomics - the use of economic means to geopolitical purposes. This time around, however, emerging powers are at the centre stage and the instruments of choice are based upon monetary and financial capabilities, such as currency swap agreements, trade policies, credit lines, and foreign investment. This process has been defined as Financial Statecraft. The reasons for this phenomenon, albeit manifold, relate to the fact that traditional geopolitical tools (e.g. armed forces) are not as effective in today's geopolitics as they used to be - e.g. during the Cold War. In this context, due to its economic growth, massive foreign exchange reserves and high level of savings, China has acquired enough financial power to employ it globally, making it a top international creditor, a major foreign investment source, and issuer of an international reserve currency. These developments have been reflected in Brazil. China not only is the largest trading partner, but also one of the major sources of foreign capital to the Brazilian economy. Brazil lacks capital to meet its needs of investment, especially in infrastructure, whereas China needs steady flows of commodities and has abundant financial resources. Against this backdrop, these countries have developed a deep economic and financial partnership, which is illustrated by their prolific cooperation in the last decades, such as common stances regarding the reform of the international financial institutions and the establishment of the BRICS initiative. In this context, this article analyzes the Chinese Financial Statecraft in relation to Brazil and assesses a scenario in which China deploys financial statecraft instruments to coax the Brazilian state into including the yuan in its currency reserves. We find that, owing to Brazil's moderate-to-high level of stateness and low threats to its strategic interests in case of compliance, the Chinese attempt would likely be successful.
Title in Portuguese
O financial statecraft da China e a internacionalização do Renminbi: o que paira sobre as reservas internacionais do Brasil?
Keywords in Portuguese
Brasil
China
Financial statecraft
Geoeconomia
Internacionalização do Renminbi
Reservas cambiais
Abstract in Portuguese
No século XXI, a comunidade das relações exteriores observou o ressurgimento da geoeconomia - o uso de meios econômicos para fins geopolíticos. Desta vez, no entanto, potências emergentes estão no centro dos acontecimentos e os instrumentos escolhidos são baseados em capacidades monetárias e financeiras, como swaps cambiais, políticas comerciais, linhas de crédito e investimento estrangeiro. Esse processo foi definido como Financial Statecraft. As razões para esse fenômeno, embora múltiplas, estão relacionadas ao fato de que as ferramentas tradicionais de geopolítica (e.g. forças armadas) não são tão eficazes na geopolítica atual quanto costumavam ser - por exemplo, durante a Guerra Fria. Nesse contexto, devido ao seu crescimento econômico, maciças reservas de divisas internacionais e alto nível de poupança, a China adquiriu poder financeiro suficiente para empregá-lo globalmente, tornando-a um dos principais credores internacionais, importante fonte de investimento estrangeiro e emissor de uma moeda de reserva internacional. Esses acontecimentos refletiram-se no Brasil. A China não é apenas o maior parceiro comercial, mas também uma das principais fontes de capital estrangeiro para a economia brasileira. O Brasil carece de capital para atender às suas necessidades de investimento, especialmente em infraestrutura, enquanto a China precisa de fluxos estáveis de commodities e possui abundantes recursos financeiros. Nesse cenário, esses países desenvolveram intensa parceria econômico-financeira, demonstrada por sua prolífica cooperação nas últimas décadas, como posicionamentos comuns em relação à reforma das instituições financeiras internacionais e o estabelecimento da iniciativa BRICS. Nesse contexto, este artigo analisa o financial statecraft chinês em relação ao Brasil e avalia um cenário em que a China utiliza instrumentos de financial statecraft para convencer o Estado brasileiro a incluir o Yuan em suas reservas internacionais. Concluímos que, devido ao nível moderado-a-alto de stateness do Brasil e às baixas ameaças aos seus interesses estratégicos em caso de conformidade, a tentativa chinesa provavelmente seria bem-sucedida.
 
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Publishing Date
2020-02-20
 
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